Disrupted phylogeographical microsatellite and chloroplast DNA patterns indicate a vicariance rather than long‐distance dispersal origin for the disjunct distribution of the Chilean endemic Dioscorea biloba (Dioscoreaceae) around the Atacama Desert

Aim The Chilean endemic Dioscorea biloba (Dioscoreaceae) is a dioecious geophyte that shows a remarkable 600 km north–south disjunction in the peripheral arid area of the Atacama Desert. Its restricted present‐day distribution and probable Neogene origin indicate that its populations have a history linked to that of the Atacama Desert, making this an ideal model species with which to investigate the biogeography of the region. Location Chile, Atacama Desert and peripheral arid area. Methods Two hundred and seventy‐five individuals from nine populations were genotyped for seven nuclear microsatellite loci, and plastid trnL–F and trnT–L sequences were obtained for a representative subset of these. Analyses included the estimation of genetic diversity and population structure through clustering, Bayesian and analysis of molecular variance analyses, and statistical parsimony networks of chloroplast haplotypes. Isolation by distance was tested against alternative dispersal hypotheses. Results Microsatellite markers revealed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity within populations, with those from the southern Limarí Valley showing the highest values and northern populations showing less exclusive alleles. Bayesian analysis of microsatellite data identified three genetic groups that corresponded to geographical ranges. Chloroplast phylogeography revealed no haplotypes shared between northern and southern ranges, and little haplotype sharing between the two neighbouring southern valleys. Dispersal models suggested the presence of extinct hypothetical populations between the southern and northern ranges. Main conclusions Our results are consistent with prolonged isolation of the northern and southern groups, mediated by the life‐history traits of the species. Significant isolation was revealed at both large and moderate distances as gene flow was not evident even between neighbouring valleys. Bayesian analyses of microsatellite and chloroplast haplotype diversity identified the southern area of Limarí as the probable area of origin of the species. Our data do not support recent dispersal of D. biloba from the southern range into Antofagasta, but indicate the fragmentation of an earlier wider range, concomitant with the Pliocene–Pleistocene climatic oscillations, with subsequent extinctions of the Atacama Desert populations and the divergence of the peripheral ones as a consequence of genetic drift.     

Life history and population dynamics of the Japanese Yam,Dioscorea japonica Thunb.

The adaptive significance of the emergence mode ofDioscorea japonica was studied with respect to initial plant size (seed, bulbil and tuber) and light intensity, using mathematical simulation based on Yokoi's (1976) model. Under 1.5% full sunlight conditions, plants emerging with only one leaf did not develop a shoot system throughout the growing period (Hori and Oshima, 1986). Simulation indicated that, for this species of plant under poor productive conditions, the optimal time for switch-over from the vegetative to reproductive growth phase to maximize the tuber weight at the end of the growing period, occurred immediately following the start of autotrophic growth. By means of shoot growth patterns, small and large size plants acquired the ability of shade tolerance and shade avoidance, respectively. Further, the life history ofD. japonica could be expressed as a flow chart based on plant size and light intensity data.     

利用微波辅助萃取技术提取五味子果实中五味子醇甲的研究

采用乙醇和水作为萃取剂,研究了用微波辅助萃取的方法从五味子果实中萃取五味子醇甲。以不同的萃取时间、萃取功率、萃取溶剂/基质比作为参数进行实验,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)作为五味子醇甲的检测手段。实验结果表明:在萃取产率上,乙醇的萃取效果优于水(乙醇的萃取产率0.72%,水的萃取产率0.47%),但是在萃取选择性方面,水作为萃取剂优于乙醇。以乙醇和水作为溶剂的最优微波辅助萃取条件是:温度接近溶剂的沸点(乙醇设为72℃,水设为95℃),微波功率350 w,萃取时间5~8 min,萃取液固比12:1。萃取时间的延长和微波功率的增加都会导致五味子醇甲的萃取产率下降。     

星星草营养器官适应盐胁迫的结构特征

采用0．6％Na2CO3胁迫处理星星草[Puccinellia tenuiflora（Turcz．）Scribn．et Merr．]幼苗,光镜和电镜观察其根和叶的显微和超微结构。结果表明,星星草根的表皮向外突出形成密集的根毛;外皮层由1～2层细胞组成,排列较紧密;中皮层薄壁细胞排列疏松,形成发达的通气组织;内皮层呈典型的五面加厚;中柱鞘排列紧密,其壁加厚;初生木质部与初生韧皮部相间排列,初生木质部为5～7原型,中央为后生木质部导管,无髓存在。叶的表皮有表皮毛和丰富的蜡质层;叶上表皮泡状细胞数目较少,且深陷;气孔下陷,其下有较大的气室;叶脉有大、中、小3种维管束,大、中型维管束为C3型,小型维管束为C4型。星星草可能是介于C3和C4植物之间的类型,具有耐盐碱及耐干旱特征。     

Serological detection of yam viruses in farmers' fields in Ogun State,Nigeria

A field survey was conducted in eight local government areas (LGA) of Ogun state, Nigeria to assess the incidence of viral diseases of yams in the areas. Leaf samples were collected from 90 yam plants which were either symptomatic or asymptomatic. These were bulked into 45 during serological tests and the viruses indexed include yam mosaic virus (YMV); Dioscorea alata bacilliform virus (DaBV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). DaBV was the most prevalent virus on the field with incidence of 48.9% (22/45) followed by YMV which occurred in 42.2% (19/45). CMV had the lowest percentage of incidence; 2.2% (1/45). Of all the LGAs visited, Abeokuta north and Abeokuta south had the highest incidence of YMV and DaBV, respectively. Mixed virus infections were also detected.     

硬毛地笋化学成分研究

采用各种色谱对硬毛地笋(Lycopus lucidus Turcz.var.hirtus Regel)的化学成分进行分离,通过理化性质和波谱分析进行结构鉴定。从硬毛地笋全草甲醇提取物中分离鉴定了9个化合物:β-胡萝卜素(1),7,3’,4’-三羟基黄酮(2),β-谷甾醇(3),3’,4’,5-三羟基-3,7-二甲氧基黄酮(4),α-香树脂醇(5),β-香树脂醇(6),24-羟基-乌苏-12-烯-28-酸(7),β-胡萝卜苷(8),24-甲基-5α-胆甾-7,22-二烯-6α-醇-3β-O-葡萄糖苷(9)。化合物4,7和9为首次从该科植物中分离得到,化合物1～9均为首次从硬毛地笋中分离得到。     

淮山微波真空干燥特性与动力学模型

探索了淮山在不同切分方式、热烫条件、装载量、真空度、转盘转速、温度、切片厚度等干燥条件下的干燥特性,并建立了干燥动力学模型。结果表明:切分方式、装载量、真空度、温度与切片厚度对淮山干燥速率的影响显著。选用6种常用的干燥模型对不同真空度下的试验数据进行非线性回归拟合,并确定了模型参数。结果发现Page模型具有较高的拟合度(R2)与较低的残差平方和,且P <0. 01,说明该模型能较准确地表达和预测淮山微波真空干燥过程的水分变化规律。     

提高防风种子发芽率的实验研究

目的：提高防风种子发芽率,加大黑龙江省地道药材防风的开发力度。方法：分别采用45℃温水浸种12、24h;150w微波辐射15s、20s、25s 30s;流水冲洗防风种子3—4h;柳枝浸出液为萌发剂培养防风种子,同时培养未经处理的种子作为对照组。结果：对照组发芽率为36．67％;温浸组为60．33％;微波15s组发芽率为68．00％,20s组为74．33％,25s组为71．17％,30s组为67．33％;流水组发芽率为84．00％;柳枝组发芽率为68．67％。结论：大规模播种可采用45℃温水浸种12-24h、150w微波辐射20s、流水冲洗3—4h、柳枝浸出液为萌发剂均可提高发芽势、发芽率,缩短发芽历期,改善出芽不齐等现象。     

黄独脱毒苗叶片和茎段再生体系的建立

以黄独茎尖再生苗为试材,研究不同因素对黄独脱毒苗叶片和茎段再生体系的影响,以期对黄独脱毒苗的再生体系进行优化。结果表明,叶片和茎段诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+KT 2 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 2 mg·L^-1;叶片和茎段诱导愈伤组织的最佳蔗糖浓度分别为30和50 g·L^-1;叶片和茎段在黑暗中较容易诱导出愈伤组织;叶片和茎段愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基是MS+KT 4 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1;继代2次的叶片和茎段愈伤组织较容易分化;黄独不定芽生根的最佳培养基是1/2MS+IBA 0.1 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1+PP₃₃₃ 1 mg·L^-1。本实验成功建立了黄独脱毒苗叶片和茎段的再生体系,为黄独脱毒苗的工厂化生产奠定了技术基础。     

黄独微型块茎低温离体保存的GC/MS代谢组学分析

GC/MS检测方法采用初步探明黄独低温离体保存微型块茎的差异代谢物。与黄独微型块茎25℃离体保存相比较,黄独微型块茎4℃离体保存的差异性代谢物有丙氨酸（Alanine）、儿茶素（Catechin）、N,N-双（2-羟乙基）甲胺（N,N-Di-（2-Hydroxyethyl）-methanamine）、水杨酸（Salicylic acid）、柠檬酸（Citric acid）和山梨糖（Sorbose）等。在黄独微型块茎4℃离体保存中,丙氨酸（Alanine）参与氰基氨基酸代谢;儿茶素（Catechin）参与次生代谢产物生物合成、黄酮类化合物的生物合成和苯丙素的生物合成;水杨酸（Salicylic acid）参与多环芳烃降解、微生物在不同环境中的代谢、植物激素信号转导、次生代谢产物生物合成、二恶英降解、苯丙氨酸代谢、芳烃降解、植物激素生物合成、铁载体组非核糖体肽合成和苯丙素的生物合成等。柠檬酸（Citric acid）参与来自鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和烟酸的生物碱生物合成、组氨酸和嘌呤的生物碱生物合成、微生物在不同环境中的代谢、植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、2-氧代羧酸代谢、萜类和类固醇的生物合成、原核生物固碳途径、次生代谢产物生物合成、来自莽草酸途径的生物碱生物合成、来自萜类化合物和聚酮的生物碱生物合成、柠檬酸循环（TCA循环）、植物激素生物合成、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢、双组分系统、苯丙素的生物合成以及来自鸟氨酸,赖氨酸和烟酸的生物碱生物合成等。黄独低温离体保存微型块茎差异代谢物的初步发现为进一步了解其低温离体保存的分子机制奠定了基础,也为低温离体保存黄独微型块茎的破除休眠以及其后续萌发提供了理论依据。